Choosing Texts for Early Readers

As an ELL teacher, choosing texts to use with my students is perhaps one of the most challenging parts of my job.  Each week, I struggle with how to focus my text selection: vocabulary topics?  grammar function?  fluency?  literary devices?  And then, from where should I pull the texts: guided reading room?  library?  from the same publisher each time, or mix and match?  In her book Becoming Literate, Marie Clay asserts that "it is the individual child's achievements and where he next needs to go that [should govern] the selection" (p. 182).  So, with the multitude of information our lower-level ELL's need to know, how do we choose a text that will meet their needs, but still foster a love of reading?

Some tips from Marie Clay:

• Use texts you have previously read to students.  Known texts are "still new and challenging because the child is bringing that prior knowledge to the text...using a different kind of support from the interactive sharing of the task with the teacher" (p. 184).  Be sure to couple the re-reading of the text with a new focus.  If the original sharing of the book focused on vocabulary, have the re-reading experience tackle a literary device used by the author.
• Be wary of using contrived texts: "If [students] have only read controlled vocabulary texts [they] will have difficulty with texts that do not control the vocabulary" (p. 187).  Relying on contrived texts can also have a detrimental effect on oral language development if students learning English are presented with one way of "speaking" English in texts and then are expected to understand and respond to the language those around them produce naturally. 

• Story books should be an integral part of a student's reading journey, but should not be the only method used to teach students to read. "To learn to anticipate the language and situations found in stories children have to build up a vast experience with children's story books...Some children do not get those experiences before they come to school and teachers who use a story book reading programme must provide them with make-up experiences" (189).  ELL's often come to school with very little knowledge of story structure or the purpose of reading.  It's therefore imperative that we provide as many opportunities for our students to interact with quality literature as possible.  However, story books are not often written for beginning readers to read on their own.  Portions could be read by students in a big-book or projectable format.  Language Experience Approach texts could be created by students based on the story books to give students a pathway into the text.

• While LEA's do give children who are learning English a textual experience with which they can connect, "it is not enough to read only natural language or language experience texts.  Children need book experience to read books.  Book language has different forms and different frequencies of occurrence from spoken dialects.  Natural language texts can be regarded as transitional texts, used when the child is just beginning to relate what he knows about oral language and print to the written texts he is trying to read"  (p.191).

For slower readers and those who are learning to read while at the same time learning English, natural experience texts and repeated contact with familiar literary texts initially presented by teacher are a natural starting point for literacy development.  Consistently working only with simple, controlled material can "develop habitual responding for that type of material.  This learning will not transfer readily to more complex texts" (195).  Staying away from such contrived texts is especially critical for ELL's.  Students must be exposed to rich language use and have the opportunity to swim around in it and be immersed.  This is the only way their oral language, and then later their written language, will develop to the depth of meaning that native English speakers enjoy.

Happy reading,
Jacquie

Directionality and Storybook Reading

In Chapter 6 of Becoming Literate, Marie Clay writes that children face three main challenges after their initial experiences with print.  One of those challenges is the directionality of print.  In English text, of course, this means learning that print goes left to right.  Period.

I hadn't considered this skill to be anything unusual for children to learn until Clay opened my eyes: "The child's everyday experience has actually trained him in different habits from those he needs in reading.  An orange, a dog or a favourite toy must be recognized from any viewing angle.  Meaning is constant when the object is small or large, is upside-down, back-to-front, or sideways to the viewer...On entry to school he has to learn that in one particular situation, when he is faced with printed language, flexibility is inappropriate."  (Clay, 1991).  DUH!  I had never thought of directionality in reading as something entirely foreign in its adherence to one serial direction in the world of a child for whom every other experience has been multi-directional.

After that "ah-ha" moment, I decided to check out whether or not my kindergarten students truly understood the directionality of print.  Using the Sulzby Storybook Reading Assessment, I had my students read a Goldilocks book to me.  The students were already familiar with the text from a read aloud the previous week.  The book has multiple lines of print on each page, so I was able to gauge whether or not students had learned the following:

• directionality
• return sweep
• high frequency words
• using pictures to gain meaning
• the language "style" of story telling

In addition, I was also able to take notes on what aspects of oral English the students have acquired.  For example, whether or not they correctly form and use plural nouns or regular past tense verbs. 

The Sulzby assessment taught me a lot about my students!  I was surprised to learn that one of my students has not yet mastered directionality.  Not surprisingly, he was also the only one who didn't use the pictures to tell a story, but rather just labeled what he saw in each picture.  He jumped back and forth between right and left pages of the book and only attended to the pictures.  He paid no attention to the print.  My other two kindergarteners demonstrated knowledge of each of the skills I was assessing.  One of the students even made a serious attempt to read each word on the page, and he did a great job of it!

Now, I know which of my students are ready to move on, and which needs more work with simple, one lined texts and retelling stories after read alouds.  I highly recommend reading the Sulzby article (link above) and trying this assessment with emergent readers.

Happy reading!
Jacquie

Islands of Certainty

The title of this blog post is one of my favorite Marie Clay-isms: "islands of certainty."  She writes that "in the familiar story the child locates a word he knows and builds a response around it.  Then the child's reading of text comes to be controlled by particular words even though he can only recognize one or two words" (Clay, 1991).  These familiar words are the "islands of certainty" in a sea of unknown text.  Often, for emerging readers, these islands are sight words.

If you visit pinterest, you'll find a plethora of sight word games and activities geared to helping children memorize these most common words in English text.  However, the majority of the activities involve memorizing the words out of context.  For ELL's, sight words are often meaningless, so it's imperative that literacy teachers of ELL's focus on meaning and usage when teaching sight words and present the words in connected text.

Introducing new sight words doesn't need to be overly complicated, even when working with emergent language learners.  For example, when working with my first grade emergent students, I introduce new sight words with the following 5-day procedure:

1. Oral language practice: I write five new sight words on index cards.  We practice reading them out loud.  I use each word in a sentence or two as examples.  Then, the students all use each word in a sentence.  My students love making up sentences so well that they usually have multiple sentences for each word!  This is not only a great way for the students to get oral language practice, but it's also an opportunity for me to ensure that the students truly understand what each word means and how to use it.  I can gently correct any misunderstandings before they become fossilized.
2. Words in context: I write sentences with each sight word on sentence strips that I post on the board.  The sentences are taken from those that the students invented the day before.  We read the sentences together out loud.  Then, the students choose one of the sentences to re-read with expression.  This is also a big hit!
   
3. Guess the covered word: I cover or remove the targeted sight word from each sentence, and the students have to choose the correct word to go in the sentence.  We then do the same procedure with new sentences using the targeted sight words.
   
4. Writing sentences: Students write sentences of their own using each of the targeted sight words.  Then, they share their favorite with their classmates.
5. Fast ten: This is a quick check of the new sight words and a few known sight words.  Students write the words on white boards as quickly as they can.  They only win "points" if they not only write the word quickly, but also correctly.

Throughout the week, we find and circle the targeted sight words in our focus story and in our shared writing.  This gives students many more examples of the use of sight words in connected text.

I keep a list of the sight words that I've taught to the group.  When I read with each student individually each week, I double and triple-check that these "islands of certainty" remain not only in the students' reading repertoire, but that they are also using those sight words correctly in their oral language.  The one-on-one time I eke out to read with each student gives me the perfect venue for checking progress on a number of skills.  Carving out that time isn't easy, but it's well worth the effort!

For more activity ideas that use connected text to teach new words to ELL students, check out Phonics They Use by Patricia Cunningham.

Happy reading,
Jacquie

Language Experience Approach and Dr. Seuss

In honor of Dr. Seuss's birthday, for the past two weeks my reading instruction has centered around texts my students created after repeated readings of The Sneetches, And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street, and Green Eggs and Ham.  I used the Language Experience Approach with students to create texts on their level that we could read and work with all week.  In their article, The Power of Language Experience for Cross-Cultural Reading and Writing, authors David Landis, Joanne Umolu and Sunday Mancha assert that LEA is "a means of providing interesting and relevant texts for diverse students' reading and writing."  I often use LEA when I want to introduce my students to rich literature that is too vocabulary dense to be an appropriate text for them to work with independently.

My kindergarten students listened to and (even during the first reading!) helped me read Green Eggs and Ham.  We used the book to study transportation and food vocabulary, most of which were new to my students.  Then, we wrote a very simple text together about foods we don't like to eat.  Every few lines, we threw in their favorite refrain, "I will not eat it here or there.  I will not eat it anywhere."  They gleefully shouted those lines when we came to them.  Using our Language Experience Approach-created text, students took turns tracking the words and performing the return sweep while reading.  We also used their text to practice counting words in a sentence and to identify words they knew using word swatters.  This was a quick way to take notes on which of my kindergarteners are still working on many of these Concepts About Print, and which have already mastered them.

In first grade, we read The Sneetches.  We're in the middle of a unit on friendship, so this book fit in nicely!  In addition to focusing on the theme of the book (not judging others by what's on the outside), we also wrote a summary of the book that we used as one of our texts this week.  Two of my first graders are still working on one to one matching and recognizing kindergarten sight words, so that was their focus with our word work this week.  My other students are working on r-controlled vowels and transition words like "First", "Next", "Then", so they worked with those skills.  Language Experience texts give teachers the opportunity to use one text to work with students at a variety of levels, which is very helpful in an ESL pull-out class setting.  We often have limited time (30-40 minutes) and multiple levels of language proficiency in our small groups, so being able to use one text to teach many skills makes better use of our precious time!

My second grade students also created a Language Experience text, but theirs was a different format.  Before I read And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street, I explained to students that the story was about a boy who, when walking home from school, imagines all the wonderful things he could see.  We then made a list of all of the things they see on their bus ride home from school.  Once we made our list, I read them the book.  We discussed the differences between what the boy imagines he could see and what we really see on our way home each day.  The following day, I re-read the book.  We then made a list of the imagined sights along Mulberry Street.  The students then made lines to compare similar items in the lists.  We talked about why it's important to make connections while we read.  The students completed our book study by writing their own version of the book: And to Think That I Saw It on Walnut Street (our school's street name).  We published the stories and hung them in the hallway for our friends to read.

LEA gave my students the opportunity to work with great literature at their level.  By taking their ideas and thoughts about what we read together, I was able to correct grammar in a natural, conversational setting, encourage the use of new vocabulary, and demonstrate to students that their words and thoughts are worthy of study.  All in all, a fun and successful week using the Language Experience Approach to make Dr. Seuss's lovely literature accessible to my students learning English. 

Happy reading,
Jacquie

Assessing and Grouping ELL's for Guided Reading Instruction

Guided Reading, focused small group reading instruction, has become a staple of effective reading programs in schools all around the world.  In each of those schools, though, Guided Reading may be implemented in many different ways.  When I first learned to use Guided Reading, the component that was most stressed was that students should be reading the same book, out loud at the same time.  We were trained to tune our ears in to one student each day as he/she was reading aloud with the group and provide support as needed.  I taught for many years believing that Guided Reading was nothing more than a group of 3-5 students reading at the same time, at different paces, and sometimes at very different skill levels.  According to Irene Fountas and Gay Su Pinnell, experts on early literacy, this difference in reading proficiency among students is one of the main causes of concern for teachers trying to implement Guided Reading instruction.

Because of this, initial and ongoing assessment of students is essential.  Dr. Jan Richardson, in her book The Next Step in Guided Reading, gives several examples of assessments that can be done with readers at many different levels.  For students in grades kindergarten through second grade, Richardson recommends assessing letter identification, sight word reading, sentence dictation, and taking running records.  Running records are an integral component of Marie Clay's Reading Recovery Program.

When analyzing a running record, Richardson identifies six steps to include in the analysis (p. 41-47).  I found these to be extremely helpful:

• Step One: Determine the accuracy level
• Step Two: Analyze errors (structure vs. visual errors)
• Step Three: Analyze strategies
• Self-monitoring
• Cross-checking
• Self-correcting
• Step Four: Assess fluency (Words per minute, expression, attention to punctuation)
• Step Five: Assess comprehension
• Does the student substitute words that make sense?
• Does the student reread to confirm or repair meaning?
• Does the student read with expression?
• Can the student retell the main ideas and some details of the text?
• Step Six: Select a focus for instruction:
• Risk-taking (stop correcting the child; provide encouragement instead)
• Self-monitoring
• A caveat when working with ELL's: asking "What would sound right?" or "What would make sense?" (p. 43) may not be appropriate for students at intermediate or below English proficiency levels.  Students still learning English will not always be able to identify what sounds right or makes sense in what is still an unknown language.
• Decoding
• Fluency
• Oral retell
• Comprehension

So, what if your students are Transitional, Intermediate, or Fluent readers?  Richardson has assessment suggestions for those readers, as well (p. 49-53).  For Transitional readers, she includes a Word Study Inventory (p. 48) that I just started using with one of my second grade groups, and I love it!  In the inventory, the teacher dictates words with common phonics skills to the student and then plans word study based on the areas that need improvement.  For Transitional, Intermediate and Fluent readers, Richardson recommends the following assessments:

• Oral reading (running record)
• Retelling
• Comprehension questions
• Determining instructional reading level (student reads with 90% accuracy and 75-85% comprehension)
• Cpmprehension Interview

The above mentioned resources, and many others, can be found in the textbook or on Jan Richardson's website.  I highly recommend both!

For ELL's, Guided Reading can be very beneficial in not only improving reading and writing, but also for strengthening  listening and speaking skills.  When a teacher modifies Guided Reading instruction to include targeted vocabulary instruction (including any front-loading of background knowledge), attention to the structure of English, cultural relevance, academic language, as well as development of oral language, ELL's can make dramatic gains in reading comprehension.  In the article Modified Guided Reading: Gateway to English as a Second Language and Literacy Learning, the authors add an important element to the assessment and grouping piece of Guided Reading: the inclusion of English language proficiency level in forming small groups for reading instruction.

Preparing for Guided Reading by assessing and thoughtfully grouping students based not only on reading and writing skill assessments, but also language proficiency, is an important first step to successfully implementing Guided Reading instruction in the classroom.

Happy reading!
Jacquie

Oral Language Development and Reading Readiness

Marie Clay, expert on emergent literacy, emphasizes the importance of oral language skills in the development of reading readiness in young children.  In her book Becoming Literate, she writes, "Children who have been read to a great deal will already know, in some way, that the language of books is different from the language that they speak.  They will be developing 'an ear' for bookish or literary forms of language." (p. 28).   Children who are read to at home easily figure out that the pictures tell a story and can create a story based on pictures.  So, what do we do about children who have never heard a story read aloud until beginning kindergarten?

The majority of ELL's that I've worked with over the years have parents with little to no educational experience.  Many of them are illiterate in their own language, as well as in English. That leaves the important work of developing that early reading readiness to the children's first teachers.  Marie clay posits that "most difficulties in learning to read stem from inappropriate experiences rather than from impaired structures.  Unfortunately they are equally difficult to overcome." (p. 43).  As teachers of ELL's, we need then to step up our practice to include dedicated time spent creating meaningful opportunites for students to develop their oral language. 

Marie Clay has also researched school entry, which is a very different experience for non-English speaking children--whether immigrants themselves or the children of immigrants--from low-income families.  Many of their parents have little, if any, experience with school and so do not prepare their children for school the way that many "typical" US families do.  So the teacher must take each child's individual experiences prior to beginning school and build upon those so that all of the students have common experiences to share.  "Schools have created policies which exclude unready children from opportunities to learn to be ready.  Sometimes they are found to be unready to attend school; sometimes they are retained in a class where they did not learn in the hope that second time around something surprising will happen.  Schools demand from the child performances which the school itself should be developing." (p. 68)

So, what then do we do to build the oral language and early reading experiences children need to be successful readers?  For one, we know that awareness of rhyme and alliteration has a positive correlation to reading and spelling success.  Children who start school already knowing, for example, nursery rhymes, have a leg up on children who start school without this knowledge.  Poetry should be an integral part of our early instruction of ELL's who are learning to read.

There are many oral language development resources available for teachers and parents/caregivers.  Here are a couple that I found to be useful:

Tips on promoting oral language development with students:
http://www.med.unc.edu/ahs/clds/files/early-childhood-resources/Promoting%20Oral%20Language%20Development.pdf

Fun oral language activities that promote reading readiness:
http://www.literacyconnections.com/OralLanguage.php

Happy reading!
Jacquie

Marie Clay's Theories and ELL's--First Post

So, as I mentioned in my last post, I'm beginning my Reading Endorsement at Otterbein University this semester.  One of our texts this semester is Becoming Literate by Marie Clay, the reading guru who created the Reading Recovery approach.   I've only read the Introduction and Chapter One so far, but several things have already struck me.  Clay mentions the multitude of research she has done on beginning reading which has informed her theory of what good readers do and how to help struggling readers.  On pages 11-13, Clay gives just brief summaries of some of her research, but I noticed the following similarity in her research: the children she studied are all English speaking (different dialects, but English speaking nonetheless) and appear to come from literate families, as she writes that "a group of co-operative mothers kept diary records of what literacy activities the children were producing at home" (pg. 11). 

I did a little extra checking.  Marie Clay does appear to have excluded ELL students in the Reading Recovery studies done outside of the United States.  However, when Reading Recovery was studied in Ohio schools, no children were excluded based on language difference.  I'm excited to read more about the study done through Ohio State University to see what, if any, conclusions were made about the effectiveness of Reading Recovery with ELL's. 

I also found links to fourteen other articles that studied Reading Recovery with ELL's on the What Works Clearinghouse site.  Unfortunately, because none of the studies had a comparison group, no conclusion could be drawn about the true effectiveness of the program with ELL's.  I still plan to read each of the articles, though, just to get as much information as I can.

As all of my students are ELL's, and most of them are the children of parents who never learned to read or write, I look at research studies through a different lens.  My experience learning to read as the daughter of college-educated, upper middle class white American parents is very different from the experience of my students.  So, while Clay recommends that "when we are reading about learning to read we can always check what authorities are claiming against what we are able to observe in our own behaviour as readers" (pg. 9), as a teacher of children whose background is very different from mine, I feel I need to also check what I read against the reading behaviors I see in my students.  As Clay says, instruction should start not where the teacher is, but where the student is (pg. 16).  I'm looking forward to learning more about how children develop literacy so that I can better help my students become strong readers and writers. 

Happy reading,
Jacquie

Two Interesting Articles

After almost a year's absence, I'm back to my blog!  I'm starting my Reading Endorsement at Otterbein University here in Ohio--I'm really excited about the classes I'll be taking!!  As part of the first class, I need to write a blog post every week, so this should get me into the habit of posting...(I hope!!)

Below are two articles that I posted for colleagues on Schoology.  If you haven't already checked out Schoology, I highly recommend it.  The site is very similar to Facebook.  School districts can get a district account so that all of its educators can be linked together for the ultimate professional collaboration experience!  Our district has even developed high school courses for students and professional development courses for teachers through Schoology.

This study was recently released.  It looks at technology's effectiveness in teaching ELL's. The focuses on a few different programs: RocketShip Education, HELP Math, ELLevation, Achieve Language, Voki, and the ESL program in Montgomery County Public Schools in Maryland. 


Good article about the challenges ELL's face having to learn English at the same time that CCSS are asking for students to master sophisticated language. It discusses the challenges, highlights initiatives and strategies to advance ELLs' language and content learning, and outlines how policy and practice must change to help ELLs graduate ready for college and a career.

Happy reading!
Jacquie